Prester John

Prester John was a legendary figure from stories popular in Europe between the 12th and 17th centuries. People believed he was a Christian leader and king who ruled a faraway land full of wonders and riches. The stories said he was a descendant of the Three Wise Men who visited Jesus.

At first, people thought Prester John lived in India. This idea came from stories about early Christian missionaries and travelers there. Later, as Europeans learned more about the Mongols and their large empire, some thought Prester John might be in Central Asia. Finally, Portuguese explorers believed the name might refer to Ethiopia, a Christian country far from others who shared the same faith.

Origin of the legend

The story of Prester John began with a letter sent to the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos in 1165. The letter was signed by "John, Christian Sovereign and Lord of Lords". It told of a very rich land in central Asia, ruled by a king who lived in a grand palace made of gems and gold.

The legend of Prester John came from older stories about faraway lands. Reports of Saint Thomas the Apostle in India and the success of the Church of the East among the Mongols and Turks added to the tale. Later stories, like those of Sinbad the Sailor and the Alexander Romance, also helped shape the legend. Prester John was said to be a priest and king who came from the Three Magi.

Letter of Prester John

No more of the story is recorded until about 1165, when copies of a document called the Letter of Prester John began to spread across Europe. This letter was thought to be written by Prester John, a descendant of one of the Three Wise Men and a king of India, to the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus. The letter was filled with tales of riches and magic that captured people's imaginations. It was translated into many languages, including Hebrew, and continued to be shared and changed over the years. The letter talked about a hidden kingdom of Christians that people believed still existed somewhere in Central Asia.

Because many people believed the stories, Pope Alexander III sent a letter to Prester John in 1177, but nothing more was heard from the person who carried it. The letter kept being copied and changed with each new version. Later studies of the different Hebrew versions of the letter suggest it may have been written by someone from Italy or Languedoc. In any case, the author was most likely someone from Europe.

Mongol Empire

See also: Christianity among the Mongols

In 1221, a bishop named Jacques de Vitry came back from a trip. He told stories about a powerful king named David. People said David was the descendant of a leader called Prester John. This King David had defeated many enemies and was moving toward an important city.

Later, people learned that King David was really Genghis Khan, the leader of the Mongols. The growth of the big Mongol Empire let many people from Europe travel to distant lands. Some of these travelers were looking for a lost Christian kingdom.

During this time, some stories linked Prester John to real leaders. One was Toghrul, a leader of a group called the Keraites. Toghrul had helped Genghis Khan after his father died, but they later disagreed. War happened between them, and Genghis Khan won.

As the Mongol Empire got weaker, the idea that Prester John was a real king in Central Asia faded. Writers started to place him in more mysterious and faraway places, like India. Some even linked his story to famous legends, such as the Holy Grail.

Ethiopia

For many years, people in Europe thought Prester John ruled a faraway land called India. But because they didn’t know much about the world, they sometimes thought Ethiopia might be his home. By around 1250, many Europeans began to believe Prester John was actually the ruler of Ethiopia.

Famous traveler Marco Polo wrote about Ethiopia as a wonderful Christian place. In 1306, Ethiopian leaders visited Europe and were called Prester John. Stories about this African king spread, especially after European countries wanted to work with Ethiopia. In 1520, a Portuguese visitor named Francisco Álvares wrote a book about Ethiopia, sharing what he learned and helping Europeans learn more about the country.

Americas

An Italian writer named Peter Martyr d'Anghiera thought that the land of Prester John was a place called Chicora. A man named Francisco de Chicora, who came from what we now call South Carolina, was caught by some Spanish people and taken to Spain. He told stories about his land being ruled by priests.

End of the narrative and cultural legacy

By the 1700s, people learned that stories about Prester John were not true, so they stopped looking for him. But these stories had inspired many people for hundreds of years, including explorers, missionaries, and writers.

Even after the search stopped, Prester John kept appearing in books and stories. Famous writers like William Shakespeare and John Buchan wrote about him. In the 1900s, Prester John showed up in comic books from Marvel Comics and DC Comics, and in novels by authors like Charles Williams and Umberto Eco. His story stayed popular and inspired many adventures and fantasies.

Heraldry

Many designs have shown Prester John in old pictures and maps. One famous church in Canterbury Cathedral shows him with a blue background and an image of a person on a cross. In the 1500s, a mapmaker named Abraham Ortelius drew a map of Prester John’s land in Africa. On his map, he showed a lion holding a special cross.