SafekipediaTimeline of programming languages
Adapted from Wikipedia · Discoverer experience
A timeline of programming languages is like a history book that shows how we’ve learned to talk to computers over many years. It lists important ways people have created to give instructions to machines, starting from the early days and moving forward through each decade.
These special sets of rules, called programming languages, help people and computers understand each other better. They’ve changed a lot since the first ones were made, making it easier and faster to build new programs and solve problems.
Looking at this timeline helps us see how technology has grown and why we can do so many amazing things with computers today. It shows the clever ideas and hard work of many people who wanted to make computers more useful for everyone.
1790s
In the 1790s, some of the very first programming ideas began to take shape. These early concepts laid the groundwork for future languages that would help computers perform tasks. One important moment was in 1843, when Charles Babbage imagined a machine called the Analytical Engine, which could follow instructions — a basic idea behind modern programming.
| Year | Name | Developer |
|---|---|---|
| 1790 | Jacquard loom (concept) | Joseph Marie Jacquard |
1800s
The 1800s saw the very first steps in programming languages. These early tools helped people give instructions to machines. One of the earliest was Ada, created in the mid-1800s. It was designed to work with Charles Babbage's idea for a machine called the Analytical Engine. Though the machine was never built, the language laid groundwork for future programming.
| Year | Name | Developer | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1801 | Jacquard machine (implementation) | Joseph Marie Jacquard | none (unique language) |
1830s
In the 1830s, an early way to tell a machine what to do began with Charles Babbage and his idea for a machine called the Analytical Engine. This was not a real machine at the time, but it had ideas that helped later computer languages. Around the same time, people used simple steps to control machines for tasks like weaving cloth, which were the first steps toward modern computer programs.
These early steps set the stage for how we talk to computers today.
| Year | Name | Developer | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1837 | BAB L1 | Charles Babbage | Jacquard |
1840s
The 1840s was a time when early ideas about programming languages began to form. One important moment was in 1843, when Ada Lovelace wrote notes about how to give instructions to a machine, which many consider the first computer program. These early steps helped lay the groundwork for the many programming languages we use today.
| Year | Name | Developer | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1843 | Note G | Ada Lovelace | none (unique language) |
1870s
The 1870s saw the very first steps in programming languages. In 1879, Charles Babbage’s ideas about machines that could follow instructions helped lay the groundwork for future languages. These early thoughts were the beginning of ways we tell computers what to do today.
| Year | Name | Developer | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1879 | Begriffsschrift | Gottlob Frege | none (unique language) |
1940s
The 1940s was a time when the very first programming languages began to appear. These early languages helped control the first computers. One important language from this time was Fortran, created to make it easier for scientists and engineers to give instructions to computers. Another early language was LISP, designed for work that involved logic and lists. These languages laid the groundwork for all the programming we use today.
Main article: History of programming languages
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1943–45/46 | Plankalkül | Konrad Zuse | none (unique language) |
| 1943–46 | ENIAC coding system | John von Neumann, John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert, and Herman Goldstine after Alan Turing | none (unique language) |
| 1946 | ENIAC Short Code | Richard Clippinger and John von Neumann after Alan Turing | none (unique language) |
| 1947–52 | ARC/Birkbeck Assembler | Kathleen Booth | ENIAC Short Code |
| 1948 | Plankalkül (year of publication) | Konrad Zuse | |
| 1949 | EDSAC Initial Orders | David Wheeler | ENIAC coding system |
| Short Code (originally known as Brief Code) | John Mauchly and William F. Schmitt | ENIAC Short Code | |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
1950s
The 1950s was a time when the very first programming languages were created. These languages helped computers run programs by giving them clear instructions. One of the earliest was Fortran, which made it easier for scientists and engineers to solve problems with computers. Another important language from this time was LISP, designed for work that involved logic and lists. These languages laid the foundation for all the programming we use today.
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | Short Code (for UNIVAC I) | William F. Schmitt | Short Code |
| 1951 | Superplan | Heinz Rutishauser | Plankalkül |
| ALGAE | Edward A. Voorhees, Karl Balke | none (unique language) | |
| Intermediate Programming Language | Arthur Burks | Short Code | |
| Boehm unnamed coding system | Corrado Böhm | CPC Coding scheme | |
| Klammerausdrücke | Konrad Zuse | Plankalkül | |
| Stanislaus (Notation) | Fritz Bauer | none (unique language) | |
| Sort Merge Generator | Betty Holberton | none (unique language) | |
| 1952 | Short Code (for UNIVAC II) | Albert B. Tonik, J. R. Logan | Short Code (for UNIVAC I) |
| A-0 | Grace Hopper | Short Code | |
| Glennie Autocode | Alick Glennie | CPC Coding scheme | |
| Operator programming | Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov with the participation Kateryna Yushchenko | MESM | |
| Editing Generator | Milly Koss | SORT/MERGE | |
| COMPOOL | RAND/SDC | none (unique language) | |
| 1953 | Speedcoding | John W. Backus | none (unique language |
| READ/PRINT | Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman | none (unique language) | |
| 1954 | Laning and Zierler system | J. Halcombe Laning, Niel Zierler, Adams at MIT Project Whirlwind | none (unique language |
| Mark I Autocode | Tony Brooker | Glennie Autocode | |
| ARITH-MATIC | Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC | A-0 | |
| MATH-MATIC | Team led by Charles Katz | ||
| MATRIX MATH | H G Kahrimanian | none (unique language) | |
| IPL I (concept) | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon | none (unique language) | |
| 1954–55 | FORTRAN (concept) | Team led by John W. Backus at IBM | Speedcoding |
| 1955 | Address programming language | Kateryna Yushchenko | Operator programming |
| FLOW-MATIC | Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC | A-0 | |
| BACAIC | M. Grems, R. Porter | ||
| PACT I | SHARE | FORTRAN, A-2 | |
| Freiburger Code | University of Freiburg | none (unique language) | |
| IBM | |||
| 1955–56 | Sequentielle Formelübersetzung | Fritz Bauer, Karl Samelson | Boehm |
| IT | Team led by Alan Perlis | Laning and Zierler | |
| 1956–58 | LISP (concept) | John McCarthy | IPL |
| 1957 | COMTRAN | Bob Bemer | FLOW-MATIC |
| GEORGE | Charles Leonard Hamblin | none (unique language) | |
| FORTRAN I (implementation) | John W. Backus at IBM | FORTRAN | |
| COMIT (concept) | Victor Yngve | none (unique language) | |
| 1957–58 | UNICODE | Remington Rand UNIVAC | MATH-MATIC |
| 1958 | FORTRAN II | Team led by John W. Backus at IBM | FORTRAN I |
| ALGOL 58 (IAL) | ACM/GAMM | FORTRAN, IT, Sequentielle Formelübersetzung | |
| IPL II (implementation) | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon | IPL I | |
| IPL V | Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon | IPL II | |
| 1959 | APT | Douglas T. Ross | |
| FACT | Fletcher R. Jones, Roy Nutt, Robert L. Patrick | none (unique language) | |
| COBOL (concept) | The CODASYL Committee | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT | |
| JOVIAL | Jules Schwartz at SDC | ALGOL 58 | |
| LISP (implementation) | Steve Russell | IPL | |
| MAD – Michigan Algorithm Decoder | Bruce Arden, Bernard Galler, Robert M. Graham | ALGOL 58 | |
| TRAC (concept) | Calvin Mooers | ||
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
1960s
The 1960s was a time when many new ways to tell computers what to do were created. One of the first of these was FORTRAN, which helped scientists do math problems faster. Another important language from this time was LISP, used for making programs that could think and learn on their own. These languages laid the groundwork for many of the computers and programs we use today.
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1960 | ALGOL 60 | ALGOL 58 | |
| 1960 | COBOL 61 (implementation) | The CODASYL Committee | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN |
| 1960 | SAKO | Leon Łukaszewicz, et al., Polish Academy of Sciences | none (unique language) |
| 1961 | COMIT (implementation) | Victor Yngve | none (unique language) |
| 1961 | GPSS | Geoffrey Gordon, IBM | none (unique language) |
| 1962 | FORTRAN IV | IBM | FORTRAN II |
| 1962 | APL (concept) | Kenneth E. Iverson | none (unique language) |
| 1962 | Simula (concept) | Ole-Johan Dahl (mostly) | ALGOL 60 |
| 1962 | SNOBOL | Ralph Griswold, et al. | FORTRAN II, COMIT |
| 1963 | Combined Programming Language (CPL) (concept) | Barron, Christopher Strachey, et al. | ALGOL 60 |
| 1963 | SNOBOL3 | Griswold, et al. | SNOBOL |
| 1963 | ALGOL 68 (concept) | Adriaan van Wijngaarden, et al. | ALGOL 60 |
| 1963 | JOSS I | Cliff Shaw, RAND | ALGOL 58 |
| 1964 | MIMIC | H. E. Petersen, et al. | MIDAS |
| 1964 | COWSEL | Rod Burstall, Robin Popplestone | CPL, LISP |
| 1964 | PL/I (concept) | IBM | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN |
| 1964 | Basic Assembly Language | IBM | Assembly language |
| 1964 | BASIC | John George Kemeny, Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College | FORTRAN II, JOSS |
| 1964 | IBM RPG | IBM | FARGO |
| 1964 | Mark-IV | Informatics | |
| 1964 | Speakeasy-2 | Stanley Cohen at Argonne National Laboratory | Speakeasy |
| 1964 | TRAC (implementation) | Calvin Mooers | |
| 1964 | P′′ | Corrado Böhm | none (unique language) |
| 1964? | IITRAN | ||
| 1965 | RPG II | IBM | FARGO, RPG |
| 1965 | MAD/I (concept) | University of Michigan | MAD, ALGOL 60, PL/I |
| 1965 | TELCOMP | BBN | JOSS |
| 1965 | Atlas Autocode | Tony Brooker, Derrick Morris at Manchester University | ALGOL 60, Autocode |
| 1965 | PL360 (concept) | Niklaus Wirth | ALGOL 60, ESPOL |
| 1966 | JOSS II | Chuck Baker, RAND | JOSS I |
| 1966 | ALGOL W | Niklaus Wirth, C. A. R. Hoare | ALGOL 60 |
| 1966 | FORTRAN 66 | John Backus and his team | FORTRAN IV |
| 1966 | ISWIM (concept) | Peter J. Landin | LISP |
| 1966 | CORAL 66 | I. F. Currie, M. Griffiths | ALGOL 60 |
| 1966 | APL (implementation) | Kenneth E. Iverson | none (unique language) |
| 1967 | BCPL | Martin Richards | CPL |
| 1967 | MUMPS | Massachusetts General Hospital | FORTRAN, TELCOMP |
| 1967 | Simula 67 (implementation) | Ole-Johan Dahl, Bjørn Myhrhaug, Kristen Nygaard at Norsk Regnesentral | ALGOL 60 |
| 1967 | Interlisp | D.G. Bobrow and D.L. Murphy | Lisp |
| 1967 | EXAPT | Herwart Opitz, Wilhelm Simon, Günter Spur, and Gottfried Stute at RWTH Aachen University and TU Berlin | APT |
| 1967 | SNOBOL4 | Ralph Griswold, et al. | SNOBOL3 |
| 1967 | XPL | William M. McKeeman, et al. at University of California, Santa Cruz J. J. Horning, et al. at Stanford University | PL/I |
| 1968 | ALGOL 68 (UNESCO/IFIP standard) | Adriaan van Wijngaarden, Barry J. Mailloux, John E. L. Peck and Cornelis H. A. Koster, et al. | ALGOL 60 |
| 1968 | COBOL 1968 | American National Standard COBOL (X3.23-1968) | COBOL |
| 1968 | POP-1 | Rod Burstall, Robin Popplestone | COWSEL |
| 1968 | DIBOL-8 | DEC | DIBOL |
| 1968 | Forth (concept) | Moore | |
| 1968 | Logo | Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert, Cynthia Solomon | LISP |
| 1968 | MAPPER | Unisys | CRT RPS |
| 1968 | REFAL (implementation) | Valentin Turchin | none (unique language) |
| 1968 | TTM (implementation) | Steven Caine and E. Kent Gordon, California Institute of Technology | GAP, GPM |
| 1968 | PILOT | John Amsden Starkweather, University of California, San Francisco | Computest |
| 1968 | PL360 (implementation) | Niklaus Wirth | ALGOL 60, ESPOL |
| 1968 | PL/S (as Basic Systems Language) | IBM | Assembly language |
| 1969 | PL/I (implementation) | IBM | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN |
| 1969 | B | Ken Thompson, with contributions from Dennis Ritchie | BCPL, Fortran |
| 1969 | Polymorphic Programming Language (PPL) | Thomas A. Standish at Harvard University | |
| 1969 | SETL | Jack Schwartz at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences | ALGOL 60 |
| 1969 | TUTOR | Paul Tenczar & University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | |
| 1969 | Edinburgh IMP | Edinburgh University | ALGOL 60, Autocode, Atlas Autocode |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
1970s
The 1970s was a busy time for computer programming. Many important languages appeared during this decade. One of the most famous was C, developed at Bell Labs. It became very popular for writing system software and is still used today. Another notable language from this time was SQL, designed for managing databases. These languages helped shape how computers were programmed for years to come.
1980s
The 1980s was a busy time for computer languages. New ones like Ada, C++, and Lisp became popular. These languages helped programmers build bigger and better software, from operating systems to games. They made it easier to solve tough problems and create new kinds of programs.
1990s
The 1990s saw many important new programming languages appear. Java became very popular because it could run on many different types of computers. Python also started to gain attention for its simple and clear way of writing code. These languages made it easier for people to create programs and solve problems with computers.
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | Sather | Steve Omohundro | Eiffel |
| 1990 | AMOS BASIC | François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos | STOS BASIC |
| 1990 | AMPL | Robert Fourer, David Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories | |
| 1990 | Object Oberon | H Mössenböck, J Templ, R Griesemer | Oberon |
| 1990 | J | Kenneth E. Iverson, Roger Hui at Iverson Software | APL, FP |
| 1990 | Haskell | Miranda, Clean | |
| 1990 | EuLisp | Common Lisp, Scheme | |
| 1990 | Z shell (zsh) | Paul Falstad at Princeton University | ksh |
| 1990 | SKILL | T. J. Barnes at Cadence Design Systems | Franz Lisp |
| 1991 | GNU E | David J. DeWitt, Michael J. Carey | C++ |
| 1991 | Oberon-2 | Hanspeter Mössenböck, Niklaus Wirth | Object Oberon |
| 1991 | Oz | Gert Smolka and his students | Prolog |
| 1991 | Q | Albert Gräf | |
| 1991 | Python | Guido van Rossum | Perl, ABC, C |
| 1991 | Visual Basic | Alan Cooper, sold to Microsoft | QuickBASIC |
| 1992 | Borland Pascal | Turbo Pascal OOP | |
| 1992 | Dylan | Many people at Apple Computer | Common Lisp, Scheme |
| 1992 | S-Lang | John E. Davis | PostScript |
| 1993? | Self (implementation) | Sun Microsystems | Smalltalk |
| 1993 | Amiga E | Wouter van Oortmerssen | DEX, C, Modula-2 |
| 1993 | Brainfuck | Urban Müller | P′′ |
| 1993 | LiveCode Transcript | HyperTalk | |
| 1993 | AppleScript | Apple Computer | HyperTalk |
| 1993 | K | Arthur Whitney | APL, Lisp |
| 1993 | Lua | Roberto Ierusalimschy et al. at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio | Scheme, SNOBOL, Modula, CLU, C++ |
| 1993 | R | Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka | S |
| 1993 | ZPL | Chamberlain et al. at University of Washington | C |
| 1993 | NewtonScript | Walter Smith | Self, Dylan |
| 1993 | Euphoria | Robert Craig | SNOBOL, AWK, ABC, Icon, Python |
| 1994 | Claire | Yves Caseau | Smalltalk, SETL, OPS5, Lisp, ML, C, LORE, LAURE |
| 1994 | ANSI Common Lisp | Common Lisp | |
| 1994 | RAPID | ABB | ARLA |
| 1994 | Pike | Fredrik Hübinette et al. at Linköping University | LPC, C, μLPC |
| 1994 | ANS Forth | Elizabeth Rather, et al. | Forth |
| 1995 | Ada 95 | S. Tucker Taft, et al. at Intermetrics | Ada 83 |
| 1995 | Borland Delphi | Anders Hejlsberg at Borland | Borland Pascal |
| 1995 | ColdFusion (CFML) | Allaire | |
| 1995 | Java | James Gosling at Sun Microsystems | C, Simula 67, C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C, Mesa |
| 1995 | LiveScript | Brendan Eich at Netscape | Self, C, Scheme |
| 1995 | Mercury | Zoltan Somogyi at University of Melbourne | Prolog, Hope, Haskell |
| 1995 | PHP | Rasmus Lerdorf | Perl |
| 1995 | Ruby | Yukihiro Matsumoto | Smalltalk, Perl |
| 1995 | JavaScript | Brendan Eich at Netscape | LiveScript |
| 1995 | Racket | Matthew Flatt at Rice University | Scheme, Lisp |
| 1996 | CSS | Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos | SGML |
| 1996 | Curl | David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman at MIT | Lisp, C++, Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML |
| 1996 | Lasso | Blue World Communications | |
| 1996 | NetRexx | Mike Cowlishaw | REXX |
| 1996 | OCaml | INRIA | Caml Light, Standard ML |
| 1996 | Perl Data Language (PDL) | Karl Glazebrook, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian Soeller | APL, Perl |
| 1996 | Pure Data | Miller Puckette | Max |
| 1996 | VBScript | Microsoft | Visual Basic |
| 1997 | Component Pascal | Oberon Microsystems | Oberon-2 |
| 1997 | E | Mark S. Miller | Joule, Original-E |
| 1997 | Pico | Free University of Brussels | Scheme |
| 1997 | Squeak | Alan Kay, et al. at Apple Computer | Smalltalk-80, Self |
| 1997 | ECMAScript | ECMA TC39-TG1 | JavaScript |
| 1997 | F-Script | Philippe Mougin | Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C |
| 1997 | ISLISP | ISO Standard ISLISP | Common Lisp |
| 1997 | Tea | Jorge Nunes | Java, Scheme, Tcl |
| 1997 | REBOL | Carl Sassenrath, Rebol Technologies | Self, Forth, Lisp, Logo |
| 1998 | Logtalk | Paulo Moura (then at University of Coimbra) | Prolog |
| 1998 | ActionScript | Gary Grossman | ECMAScript |
| 1998 | Standard C++ | ANSI/ISO Standard C++ | C++, Standard C, C |
| 1998 | PureBasic | Frederic Laboureur, Fantaisie Software | |
| 1998 | UnrealScript | Tim Sweeney at Epic Games | C++, Java |
| 1998 | XSLT (+ XPath) | W3C, James Clark | DSSSL |
| 1998 | Free Pascal + Lazarus | Florian Paul Klämpfl, Michael van Canneyt, Lazarus and Free Pascal Team | Object Pascal, Borland Turbo Pascal, Delphi. |
| 1998 | Xojo (REALbasic at the time) | Xojo, Andrew Barry | Visual Basic |
| 1999 | C99 | C99 ISO/IEC 9899:1999 | C90 |
| 1999 | Gambas | Benoît Minisini | Visual Basic, Java |
| 1999 | Game Maker Language (GML) | Mark Overmars | Game Maker |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
2000s
In the 2000s, many new ways to tell computers what to do were created. One of these was C#, which helped make programs for Windows. Another was Python, known for being easy to learn and use. These languages made it simpler for people to build all sorts of useful tools and applications on computers.
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Join Java | G Stewart von Itzstein | Java |
| 2000 | DarkBASIC | The Game Creators | |
| 2000 | C# | Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft (ECMA) | C, C++, Java, Delphi, Modula-2 |
| 2001 | Joy | Manfred von Thun | FP, Forth |
| 2001 | AspectJ | Gregor Kiczales, Xerox PARC | Java, Common Lisp |
| 2001 | D | Walter Bright, Digital Mars | C, C++, C#, Java |
| 2001 | Processing | Casey Reas and Benjamin Fry | Java, C, C++ |
| 2001 | Visual Basic .NET | Microsoft | Visual Basic |
| 2001 | GDScript (GDS) | Juan Linietsky, Ariel Manzur (OKAM Studio) | Godot |
| 2001 | Shakespeare Programming Language | Jon Åslund, Karl Hasselström | |
| 2002 | Io | Steve Dekorte | Self, NewtonScript, Lua |
| 2002 | Gosu | Guidewire Software | GScript |
| 2002 | Scratch | Mitchel Resnick, John Maloney, Natalie Rusk, Evelyn Eastmond, Tammy Stern, Amon Millner, Jay Silver, and Brian Silverman | Logo, Smalltalk, Squeak, E-Toys, HyperCard, AgentSheets, StarLogo, Tweak |
| 2003 | Nix | Eelco Dolstra | Miranda/SASL, Haskell |
| 2003 | Nemerle | University of Wrocław | C#, ML, MetaHaskell |
| 2003 | Factor | Slava Pestov | Joy, Forth, Lisp |
| 2003 | Scala | Martin Odersky | Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml |
| 2003 | COBOL 2002 | ISO/IEC 1989:2002 | COBOL 1985 |
| 2003 | C++03 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2003 | C++, Standard C, C |
| 2003 | Squirrel | Alberto Demichelis | Lua |
| 2003 | Boo | Rodrigo B. de Oliveira | Python, C# |
| 2004 | Subtext | Jonathan Edwards | none (unique language) |
| 2004 | Alma-0 | Krzysztof Apt, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica | none (unique language) |
| 2004 | FreeBASIC | Andre Victor | QBasic |
| 2004 | Groovy | James Strachan | Java |
| 2004 | Little b | Aneil Mallavarapu, Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology | Lisp |
| 2005 | Fantom | Brian Frank, Andy Frank | C#, Scala, Ruby, Erlang |
| 2005 | F# | Don Syme, Microsoft Research | OCaml, C#, Haskell |
| 2005 | Haxe | Nicolas Cannasse | ActionScript, OCaml, Java |
| 2005 | Oxygene | RemObjects Software | Object Pascal, C# |
| 2005 | Seed7 | Thomas Mertes | none (unique language) |
| 2005 | fish | Thomas Mertes | none (unique language) |
| 2005 | HolyC | Terry A. Davis | C, C++ |
| 2006 | Cobra | Chuck Esterbrook | Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C |
| 2006 | Windows PowerShell | Microsoft | C#, ksh, Perl, CL, DCL, SQL |
| 2006 | OptimJ | Ateji | Java |
| 2006 | Fortress | Guy L. Steele Jr. | Scala, ML, Haskell |
| 2006 | Vala | GNOME | C# |
| 2007 | Ada 2005 | Ada Rapporteur Group | Ada 95 |
| 2007 | Agda | Ulf Norell | Rocq, Epigram, Haskell |
| 2007 | QB64 | Galleon, QB64Team | QBasic |
| 2007 | Clojure | Rich Hickey | Lisp, ML, Haskell, Erlang |
| 2007 | LOLCODE | Adam Lindsay | none (unique language) |
| 2007 | Oberon-07 | Niklaus Wirth | Oberon |
| 2007 | Swift (parallel scripting language) | University of Chicago, Argonne National Laboratory | |
| 2008 | Nim | Andreas Rumpf | Python, Lisp, Object Pascal |
| 2008 | Pure | Albert Gräf | Q |
| 2009 | Chapel | Brad Chamberlain, Cray Inc. | HPF, ZPL |
| 2009 | Go | C, Oberon, Limbo, Smalltalk | |
| 2009 | CoffeeScript | Jeremy Ashkenas | JavaScript, Ruby, Python, Haskell |
| 2009 | Idris | Edwin Brady | Haskell, Agda, Rocq |
| 2009 | Parasail | S. Tucker Taft, AdaCore | Modula, Ada, Pascal, ML |
| 2009 | Whiley | David J. Pearce | Java, C, Python |
| 2009 | Dafny | K. Rustan M. Leino | Java, Spec# |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
2010s
The 2010s saw the rise of many new programming languages that made writing code easier and more fun. Languages like Rust, known for its safety features, and Swift, created by Apple for iPhone apps, became very popular. These languages helped developers create faster and more reliable software for all kinds of devices.
2020s
The 2020s saw the rise of several new programming languages that aimed to make coding easier and more efficient. Languages like Rust continued to grow in popularity for system programming, while others such as Python remained widely used for general-purpose tasks. New tools and frameworks helped developers write cleaner and more maintainable code during this time.
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | C++20 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2020 | C++17, Standard C, C |
| 2020 | ReScript | Bloomberg L.P. | Reason, JavaScript |
| 2021 | Microsoft Power Fx | Vijay Mital, Robin Abraham, Shon Katzenberger, Darryl Rubin, Microsoft | Excel formulas |
| 2021 | ArkTS | Wang Chenglu, Huawei | TypeScript, Swift, Objective-C, JavaScript, C#, F#, Java, ActionScript, AtScript, AssemblyScript |
| 2022 | Carbon (concept) | C++, Rust, Swift, Zig, Kotlin, Haskell | |
| 2023 | Mojo | Modular | Python, Rust, Cython, C, C++, CUDA, Swift, Zig |
| 2023 | Ada 2023 | ISO/IEC 8652:2023 | Ada 2012 / ISO/IEC 8652:2012 |
| 2023 | COBOL 2023 | ISO/IEC 1989:2023 | COBOL 2014 / ISO/IEC 1989:2014 |
| 2023 | Fortran 2023 | ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 2023 | Fortran 2018 |
| 2024 | C++23 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2024 | C++20, Standard C, C |
| 2024 | C23 | ISO/IEC 9899:2024 | C17 |
| 2024 | Cangjie | Xinyu Feng, Huawei | ArkTS, TypeScript, JavaScript, Swift, C#, F#, Java, C++, Go, Python |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
Related articles
This article is a child-friendly adaptation of the Wikipedia article on Timeline of programming languages, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.