Commuter rail

Commuter rail, also known as suburban rail, is a passenger rail service that helps people travel within a big city area. It connects the city center to places farther out, like towns and suburbs where many people live. These trains can be pulled by a special engine or they can be self-propelled, running on electricity or diesel fuel.

Commuter rail systems are different from subways or city trains because they often cover longer distances between the city and outlying areas. Some systems, like the S-Bahn in Germany or the RER in Paris, mix features of both commuter rail and city trains. Many of these trains share tracks with other kinds of trains, including those that carry goods.

In places like North America, commuter rail often runs mostly during busy times of the day when many people are going to or from work, while other systems might run all day long. These trains make it easier for people to live outside the city but still travel to work or other places inside the city.

Characteristics

Most commuter or suburban trains are built for main railway lines. They are different from light rail or metro systems because they are larger, have more seats for sitting instead of standing, and run less often. Trains usually follow a schedule with specific departure times.

Mumbai Suburban Railway carries more than 7.24 million commuters daily

Commuter trains often connect suburbs to city centers, sharing tracks with long-distance or freight trains. They may skip some stops to help people get to places faster. These trains usually cover distances between 15 and 200 kilometers, with stations farther apart than in city centers. Some systems use special tracks just for suburban trains in busy areas.

Commuter rail services are different from metro systems, which cover smaller areas close to city centers with very frequent stops. Regional rail connects towns and cities outside major areas, stopping at many stations. In some places, high-speed trains are also used by daily commuters traveling long distances.

Train types

Commuter or suburban trains are made to carry lots of people, but they don’t have as many comfortable features as trains that go long distances. They usually have seats for everyone, but not much space for bags.

An electric multiple unit at Treviglio, on Milan suburban line S5

Commuter trains can be made of special cars that can move on their own, called multiple units. These cars have motors and can be powered by electricity from wires above or below the tracks, or by diesel engines. Because these cars can drive from either end, they are great for quick trips back and forth.

Some places use trains pulled or pushed by a single big engine. These trains can run with the engine at the front or the back, and they also have a control area at the other end so the driver can steer from either place. The engine can be electric or diesel-powered.

An Altamont Corridor Express train operating along the San Francisco Bay; a MPI F40PH-2C locomotive hauls a consist of Bombardier BiLevel Coaches.

In some countries like the US, seats are arranged in rows of three and two, but the middle seats are not very popular because people feel squished.

In places like Japan, South Korea, and Indonesia, seats are lined up along the sides of the train to fit more people during busy times. Some of these trains have benches that can be folded up to make more space for standing passengers, especially on long trips.

Commuter rail systems around the world

Africa

Asia

East Asia

In Japan, commuter rail systems have extensive networks, frequent service, and high ridership. In many cases, Japanese commuter rail is operationally more like a typical metro system (frequent trains, an emphasis on standing passengers, short station spacings) than it is like commuter rail in other countries. Japanese commuter rail commonly interlines with city-center subway lines, with commuter trains continuing into the subway network and then out onto other commuter rail systems on the city's other side. Many Japanese commuter systems operate various stopping patterns to reduce travel time to distant destinations, often using station passing loops instead of dedicated express tracks. Notably, the larger Japanese commuter rail systems are owned and operated by for-profit private railway companies, without public subsidy.

East Japan Railway Company operates a large suburban train network in Tokyo with various lines connecting the suburban areas to the city center. While the Yamanote Line, Keihin Tohoku Line, Chūō–Sōbu Line services arguably are more akin to rapid transit with frequent stops, simple stopping patterns (relative to other JR East lines) no branching services and largely serving the inner suburbs; other services along the Chūō Rapid Line, Sōbu Rapid Line/Yokosuka Line, Ueno–Tokyo Line, Shōnan–Shinjuku Line etc. are mid-distance services from suburban lines in the outer reaches of Greater Tokyo through operating into these lines to form a high frequency corridor though central Tokyo.

Other commuter rail routes in Japan include:

Hanshin Namba Line and Kintetsu Namba Line have a busy east west underground section that allow trains from both Hanshin Electric Railway and Kintetsu Railway to access Namba, a major commercial center of Osaka, and service destinations east and west of Osaka.
Osaka Metro Sakaisuji Line is a north south line that allows Hankyu services from the Senri Line, Kyoto Main Line and Arashiyama Line to enter Osaka city center.
JR West Tozai Line is an underground east-west corridor allowing trains from the Kobe Line, Takarazuka Line and Gakkentoshi Line to access Umeda in central Osaka.
JR West Osaka Loop Line is a mostly elevated loop line that allows for services from the Yamatoji Line, Hanwa Line, and Sakurajima Line to loop around central Osaka.
JR West Kobe Line/Kyoto Line is a four track corridor allowing Biwako Line, Kosei Line, Takarazuka Line, San'yō Main Line and Akō Line services to service Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe.
A special private railway Kōbe Rapid Transit Railway owns two underground corridors (a north-south and east-west line) that allow for Sanyo Electric Railway, Hankyu railway, Hanshin Electric Railway, and Kobe Electric Railway services to enter and cross Kobe city center.
Most of the trains on the Meitetsu network operate on a high-frequency trunk line on the Meitetsu Nagoya Main Line, branching out to other lines on the other side of Nagoya.

Commuter rail systems have been inaugurated in several cities in China such as Beijing, Shanghai, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Changsha and the Pearl River Delta. With plans for large systems in the northeastern Zhejiang, Jingjinji, and Yangtze River Delta areas. The level of service varies considerably from line to line, ranging from high to near high speeds. More developed and established lines, such as the Guangshen Railway, offer more frequent metro-like service.

The two MTR lines which are owned and formerly operated by the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (East Rail line and Tuen Ma line which is integrated from the former West Rail line and Ma On Shan line in 2021), then the "KCR"), and MTR's own Tung Chung line connect the new towns in New Territories and the city centre Kowloon with frequent intervals, and some New Territories-bound trains terminate at intermediate stations, providing more frequent services in Kowloon and the towns closer to Kowloon. They use rolling stock with a higher maximum speed and have longer stop spacing than other lines, which only run in the inner urban area. Still, to maximize capacity and throughput, these rolling stocks have longitudinal seating, 5 pairs of doors in each carriage with large standing spaces like the urban lines, and run as frequently as well. Most of the four lines are overground, and some sections of the East Rail Line share tracks with intercity trains to mainland China. The three KCR lines have been integrated into the MTR network since 2008. Most passengers do not need to exit and re-enter the system through separate fare gates and purchase separate tickets to transfer between such lines and the rest of the network (the exceptions are between the Tuen Ma line's East Tsim Sha Tsui station and the Tsuen Wan line's Tsim Sha Tsui station.

In Taiwan, the Western line in the Taipei-Taoyuan Metropolitan Area, Taichung Metropolitan Area and Tainan-Kaohsiung Metropolitan Area as well as the Neiwan-Liujia line in the Hsinchu Area are considered commuter rail.

In South Korea, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway has 22 lines, some of which serve suburban areas. This is especially the case for lines operated by Korail, such as the Gyeongui-Jungang Line, the Gyeongchun Line, the Suin-Bundang Line, or the Gyeonggang Line. Even some lines not operated by Korail, such as the AREX Line, the Seohae Line, or the Shinbundang Line, mostly function as commuter rail. Lastly, even for the "numbered lines" (1–9) of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway which mostly travel in the dense parts of Seoul, some track sections extend far outside of the city, and operate large sections at ground level, such as on the Line 1, Line 3 and Line 4. In Busan, the Donghae Line, while part of the Busan Metro system, mostly functions as a commuter rail line.

Southeast Asia

In Indonesia, the KRL Commuterline is the largest commuter rail system in the country, serving the Greater Jakarta. It connects the Jakarta city center with surrounding cities and sub-urbans in Banten and West Java provinces, including Depok, Bogor, Tangerang, Serpong, Rangkasbitung, Bekasi and Cikarang. In July 2015, KRL Commuterline served more than 850,000 passengers per day, which is almost triple of the 2011 figures, but still less than 3.5% of all Jabodetabek commutes. Other commuter rail systems in Indonesia include the Metro Surabaya Commuter Line, Commuter Line Baraya, Yogyakarta–Solo Line, Kedung Sepur, and the Sri Lelawangsa.

In the Philippines, the Philippine National Railways currently operates two commuter rail systems: the PNR Metro Commuter Line in the Greater Manila Area and the PNR Bicol Commuter in the Bicol Region. A new commuter rail line in Metro Manila, the North–South Commuter Railway, is currently under construction, with completion targeted for 2031.

In Malaysia, there are two commuter services operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu. They are the KTM Komuter that serves Kuala Lumpur and the surrounding Klang Valley area, and the KTM Komuter Northern Sector that serves the George Town Conurbation, Perak, Kedah and Perlis in the northern region of Peninsular Malaysia.

A Metrorail train pulling out to Fish Hoek station in Cape Town

In Thailand, the Greater Bangkok Commuter rail and the Airport Rail Link serve the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. The SRT Red Lines, a new commuter line in Bangkok, started construction in 2009. It opened in 2021.

Another commuter rail system in Southeast Asia is the Yangon Circular Railway in Myanmar.

South Asia

In India, commuter rail systems operate in major cities and play an important role in people's daily lives. Mumbai Suburban Railway, the oldest suburban rail system in Asia, carries more than 7.24 million commuters daily, accounting for more than half of Indian Railways' total daily passenger capacity. Kolkata Suburban Railway, one of the largest suburban railway networks in the world, consists of more than 450 stations and carries more than 3.5 million commuters per day. The Chennai Suburban Railway, along with the Chennai MRTS, also covers over 300 stations and carries more than 2.5 million people daily to different areas in Chennai and its surroundings. Other commuter railways in India include the Hyderabad MMTS, Delhi Suburban Railway, Pune Suburban Railway, and Lucknow-Kanpur Suburban Railway.

In 2020, the Government of India approved Bengaluru Suburban Railway to connect Bengaluru and its suburbs. It will be unique and the first of its kind in India, featuring metro-like facilities and rolling stock.

In Bangladesh, there is one suburban rail called the Chittagong Circular Railway. Another suburban railway, the Dhaka Circular Railway, is currently under proposal.

Karachi in Pakistan has a circular railway since 1969.

West Asia

In Israel, the Israel Railways is the largest commuter rail system in the country, serving the North, Tel Aviv, Central, Jerusalem, and South. It connects the Jerusalem and Tel Aviv centers with surrounding cities and suburbs in their regions.

Tehran Metro currently operates the Line 5 commuter line between Tehran and Karaj.^{[citation needed]}

Turkey has commuter rail in the cities of Ankara, Izmir, Istanbul and Gaziantep.^{[citation needed]}

Europe

Extensive commuter/suburban rail systems usually serve major metropolitan areas in most European countries. Well-known examples include BG Voz in Belgrade (Serbia), S-Bahn in Germany, Austria and German-speaking areas of Switzerland, Proastiakos in Greece, RER in France and Belgium, Servizio ferroviario suburbano in Italy, Cercanías and Rodalies (Catalonia) in Spain, CP Urban Services in Portugal, Esko in Prague and Ostrava (Czech Republic), HÉV in Budapest (Hungary) and DART in Dublin (Ireland).

Western Europe

London has multiple commuter rail routes:

The Elizabeth line runs on a 22-kilometre (14-mile) east–west twin tunnel under central London (Crossrail project) as its central core section.
Thameslink brings together several branches from northern and southern suburbs and satellite towns into a high-frequency central tunnel underneath London.
The London Overground, by contrast, skirts through the inner suburbs with lines mostly independent of each other, although there are several branches. The Watford DC line, partly shared with underground trains, uses a third rail, but parallels a main line using overhead wires. The East London line and North London line run at metro-like frequencies in inner London, making them nearly indistinguishable from metro systems, except that the tracks are shared with freight trains.
The Metropolitan line, despite being part of the London Underground, is a commuter rail route as it links the City of London to commuter towns outside Greater London such as Rickmansworth, Amersham and Chesham, where it runs to a timetable, being the only London Underground line with a public timetable published. It also shares tracks with Chiltern Railways main line services between London and Aylesbury.

The Merseyrail network in Liverpool consists of two commuter rail routes powered by third rail, both of which branch out at one end. At the other, the Northern line continues out of the city centre to a mainline rail interchange, while the Wirral line has a city-centre loop.

Birmingham has four suburban routes that operate from Birmingham New Street & Birmingham Moor Street stations, one of which uses diesel trains.

The Tyneside Electrics system in Newcastle upon Tyne operated from 1904 to 1967, using a DC third rail. British Rail did not have the budget to maintain the aging electrification system. The Riverside Branch was closed, while the remaining lines were de-electrified. 13 years later, they were re-electrified using DC overhead wires, and now form the Tyne & Wear Metro Yellow Line.

Many of the rail services around Glasgow are branded as Strathclyde Partnership for Transport. The network includes most electrified Scottish rail routes.

The West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive operates 11 services that feed into Leeds, connecting the city with commuter areas and neighboring urban centers within the West Yorkshire Built-up Area.

MetroWest is a proposed network in Bristol, northern Somerset & southern Gloucestershire. The four-tracking of the line between Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway stations will enable local rail services to be separated from long-distance trains.

The Réseau express régional d'Île-de-France (RER) is a commuter rail network in the Paris agglomeration. In the center, the RER has high-frequency underground corridors where several suburban branches feed, similar to a rapid transit system.

Commuter rail systems in German-speaking regions are called S-Bahn. While in some major cities S-Bahn services run exclusively on separate lines, other systems use existing regional rail tracks.

Randstadspoor is a network of Sprinter train services in and around the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands. To realize this network, new stations were opened. Separate tracks have been built for these trains, so they can call frequently without disturbing high-frequency Intercity services parallel to these routes. Similar systems are planned for The Hague and Rotterdam.

Northern Europe

In Sweden, electrified commuter rail systems known as Pendeltåg are present in the cities of Stockholm and Gothenburg. The Stockholm commuter rail system, which began in 1968, shares railway tracks with intercity and freight trains but, for the most part, runs on its own dedicated tracks. It is primarily used to transport passengers from nearby towns and other suburban areas into the city center, not for transportation inside the city center. The Gothenburg commuter rail system, which began in 1960, is similar to the Stockholm system, but does fully share tracks with long-distance trains.

In Norway, the Oslo commuter rail system has been more limited since 2022, but the remaining commuter lines run on tracks mostly unused by other trains. From 2022, several lines with an hourly frequency and travel times to endpoints of over 1 hour are reclassified as regional trains. Before 2022, Oslo had the largest commuter rail system in the Nordic countries by line length and number of stations. Also, Bergen, Stavanger, and Trondheim have commuter rail systems. These have only one or two lines each, and they share tracks with other trains.

In Finland, the Helsinki commuter rail network runs on dedicated tracks from Helsinki Central railway station to Leppävaara and Kerava. The Ring Rail Line serves Helsinki Airport and the northern suburbs of Vantaa and is exclusively used by the commuter rail network. On 15 December 2019, the Tampere region got its own commuter rail service, with trains running from Tampere to Nokia, Lempäälä, and Orivesi.

Southern Europe

In Spain, Cercanías networks exist in Madrid, Sevilla, Murcia/Alicante, San Sebastián, Cádiz, León, Ferrol, Valencia, Asturias, Santander, Zaragoza, Bilbao and Málaga. All these systems include underground sections in the city center.

Cercanías Madrid is one of the most important train services in the country; more than 900,000 passengers move in the system. It has underground stations in Madrid like Recoletos, Sol, or Nuevos Ministerios and in the metropolitan area in cities like Parla or Getafe.

In the autonomous community of Catalonia, and unlike the rest of Spain, the commuter service is not managed by Renfe Operadora. Since 2010, the Government of Catalonia has managed all the regular commuter services with the "transfer of Rodalies". There are two companies that manage the Catalan commuter network:

Rodalies de Catalunya, which after the transfer at the beginning of 2010 when, due to the "Catalan rail chaos" of 2007, the Spanish government promised to transfer the Renfe commuter service to the Generalitat, although it does not deal with the entire service; After the transfer, responsibilities for the commuter trains were divided into three parts: the Generalitat (management, regulation, planning, coordination and inspection of services and activities and power to charge), Renfe (train operator and its maintenance), and Adif (owner of the railway infrastructure). Lines R1, R2, R2 Nord, R2 Sud, R3 (to Sant Quirze de Besora, from there to Puigcerdà or La Tor de Querol it is considered a regional route), R4, R7 and R8 run through Rodalies de Catalunya, all on Iberian gauge (1668 mm).
Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC) is the railway company responsible for the Vallès, Llobregat-Anoia and Lleida-La Pobla de Segur lines. This company is mainly in charge of metro and suburban lines, although it also has five commuter lines spread over two lines, four on the Llobregat-Anoia line (R5, R50, R6, R60) on metre-gauge (1000 mm) and a single line on the Lleida-La Pobla de Segur line (RL1) on Iberian gauge (1668 mm). FGC is in charge of the entire service, unlike Rodalies de Catalunya, which is not in charge of either the trains or the infrastructure.

Since 2024, the Government of Catalonia has full control of the current R12 regional line; it is now owned by the FGC. It will eliminate the current line and replace it with the new commuter lines RL3 and RL4, towards Cervera and Manresa from Lleida respectively.

In Italy, fifteen cities have commuter rail systems:

Bari (Bari metropolitan railway service, 3 lines)
Bologna (Bologna metropolitan railway service, 8 lines)
Cagliari, 1 line
Catanzaro, 2 lines
Genoa (Genoa urban railway service, 3 lines)
Messina, 1 line
Milan (Milan suburban railway service, 12 lines)
Naples, 8 lines
Palermo (Palermo metropolitan railway service, 2 lines)
Perugia, 1 line
Potenza, 1 line
Reggio Calabria, 1 line
Rome (FL lines, 8 lines)
Salerno (Salerno metropolitan railway service, 1 line)
Turin (Turin metropolitan railway service, 8 lines)
Treni Regionali Ticino Lombardia connects Canton Ticino, Switzerland, and Italy, reaching Lombard cities like Como and Varese and the Milan Malpensa Airport.

Eastern Europe

In Poland, commuter rail systems exist in Tricity, Warsaw, Kraków (SKA) and Katowice (SKR). There is also a similar system planned in Wrocław and Szczecin. The terms used are "Szybka Kolej Miejska" (fast urban rail) and "kolej aglomeracyjna" (agglomeration rail). These systems are:

Szybka Kolej Miejska w Warszawie in the Warsaw urban area, with 4 lines and 46 stations.^{[circular reference]}
Łódzka Kolej Aglomeracyjna is located in the center of Poland, connecting satellite towns in and around Łódź. It also operates some trains between Łódź and Warsaw.
Szybka Kolej Miejska w Trójmieście is located in the Tricity/Trójmiasto urban area, the three cities of Gdańsk, Gdynia, and Sopot.

The Proastiakos (Greek: Προαστιακός; "suburban") is Greece's suburban railway (commuter rail) services, which are run by TrainOSE, on infrastructure owned by the Hellenic Railways Organisation (OSE). There are three Proastiakos networks, servicing the country's three largest cities: Athens, Thessaloniki, and Patras. In particular, the Athenian network is undergoing modifications to completely separate it from mainline traffic by rerouting the tracks through a tunnel beneath the city center. A similar project is planned for the Patras network, whereas a new line is due to be constructed for the Thessalonian network.

In Romania, the first commuter trains were introduced in December 2019. They operate between Bucharest and Funduea or Buftea.

BG Voz is an urban rail system that serves Belgrade. It currently has only two routes, with plans for further expansion. Between the early 1990s and mid-2010s, there was another system, known as Beovoz, that was used to provide mass-transit service within the Belgrade metropolitan area, as well as to nearby towns, similarly to RER in Paris. Beovoz had more lines and far more stops than the current system. However, it was abandoned in favor of more accurate BG Voz, mostly due to inefficiency. While current services rely mostly on existing infrastructure, any further development requires expanding capacity (railway expansion and new trains). Plans for further extension of the system include another two lines, one of which should reach Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport.

In Russia, Ukraine, and some other countries of the former Soviet Union, electric multiple-unit suburban passenger trains called Elektrichka are widespread. The first such system in Russia is the Oranienbaum Electric Line in Saint Petersburg. In Moscow, the Beskudnikovskaya railway branch existed between the 1940s and 1980s. The trains running along it did not serve the main lines, so it was used for city transport. Today, there are the Moscow Central Circle and the Moscow Central Diameters.

In Turkey, Marmaray line stations from Sirkeci to Halkalı are located on the European side.

Americas

North America

In the United States, Canada, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Mexico, regional passenger rail services are provided by government or quasi-governmental agencies, with the busiest and most extensive rail networks in the Northeastern US, California, and Eastern Canada. Most North American commuter railways utilize diesel locomotive propulsion, except for services in New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, Denver, San Francisco, and Mexico City; New York's commuter rail lines use a combination of third rail and overhead wire power generation, while Chicago only has two out of twelve services that are electrified. Many newer and proposed systems in Canada and the United States are often geared toward serving peak-hour commutes rather than the all-day systems of Europe, East Asia, and Australia.

United States

Main article: List of United States commuter rail systems

Eight commuter rail systems in the United States carried over ten million trips each in 2018, those being in descending order:

Metropolitan Transportation Authority's Long Island Rail Road, serving New York City and Long Island
NJ Transit Rail Operations, serving New York City, New Jersey (Newark, Trenton) and Philadelphia
Metropolitan Transportation Authority's Metro-North Railroad, serving New York (Yonkers and New York City) and Southwest Connecticut (New Haven)
Metra, serving northeast Illinois (Chicago) and Kenosha, Wisconsin. The network consists of 11 services, of which only the Electric District service runs on tracks exclusively used for passenger traffic.
- The South Shore Line is a commuter line that serves the South Side and northern Indiana. Although the line is operated by NICTD, an agency separate from Metra, the line runs along the Metra Electric Line north of Kensington/115th Street station.
SEPTA Regional Rail, serving southeast Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), as well as Wilmington, Delaware, and Trenton, New Jersey. The network features a tunneled corridor through the city center and through-routed services from several commuter lines. The arrangement of services through the corridor was originally proposed by Vukan Vuchic and Shinya Kikuchi in 1984 and 1985.
MBTA Commuter Rail, serving Massachusetts (Boston, Worcester, Lowell) and Providence, Rhode Island
Caltrain, serving Bay Area California (San Francisco, San Jose, and the San Francisco Peninsula)
Metrolink, serving Southern California (Los Angeles, Burbank, Anaheim, San Bernardino, and Southern California)

Other commuter rail systems in the United States (not in ridership order) are:

CTRail, serving Connecticut (Hartford, New Haven and New London)
Utah Transit Authority FrontRunner, serving Utah (Wasatch Front)
North County Transit District Coaster, serving Southern California (San Diego County)
Maryland Area Regional Commuter, serving western Maryland (Baltimore, Frederick), Washington, D.C., and West Virginia (Harpers Ferry)
Virginia Railway Express, serving suburbs of Northern Virginia and Washington, D.C.
Sounder commuter rail, serving Washington (Seattle / Tacoma)
Tri-Rail, serving southeastern Florida (Miami / Fort Lauderdale / West Palm Beach)
Trinity Railway Express, serving Texas (Dallas / Fort Worth)
Westside Express Service, serving northwestern Oregon (Beaverton / Wilsonville)
Altamont Corridor Express, serving northern California (San Jose / Stockton)
SunRail, serving central Florida (Orlando/Poinciana)
New Mexico Rail Runner Express, serving New Mexico (Albuquerque)
CapMetro Rail, serving Texas (Austin)
A-train, serving Texas (Denton County)
SMART, serving northern California (Sonoma and Marin counties)
WeGo Star, serving Nashville and Lebanon, Tennessee.
Denver's RTD four electrified commuter rail lines – the A, B, G and N Lines, run on segregated tracks. In its entirety, the system combines elements of tram-train and commuter rail.

Canada

Mexico

Suburban Railway of the Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area serving Mexico City
Toluca–Mexico City commuter rail serving Toluca and Mexico City

Central America

Rail Transport in Costa Rica serving San Jose

South America

Examples include an 899 km (559 mi) commuter system in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area, the 225 km (140 mi) long Supervia in Rio de Janeiro, the Metrotrén in Santiago, Chile, and the Valparaíso Metro in Valparaíso, Chile.

Another example is Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM) in Greater São Paulo, Brazil. CPTM has 94 stations across 7 lines, numbered starting at 7 (lines 1 to 6 and line 15 belong to the São Paulo Metro), with a total length of 273 kilometres (170 mi). Trains operate at high frequencies on tracks used exclusively for commuter traffic. In Rio de Janeiro SuperVia provides electrified commuter rail services.

Oceania

Hybrid systems

Hybrid urban-suburban rail systems combine features of both rapid transit and commuter rail. They serve large city areas and are common in German-speaking countries, known as S-Bahn. Other examples include the RER in France, the Elizabeth line and London Underground in the UK, and systems in Australia like Sydney Trains and Metro Trains Melbourne. In Japan, many urban and suburban lines operate at metro-style frequencies.

In Asia, building faster urban-suburban rail links has become popular. Countries like India have the Delhi RRTS, China has the Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region intercity railway, and South Korea has the Great Train eXpress system. These systems often run on special tracks above ground or underground and have features similar to Higher-speed rail.